NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE - Advent to the Industrial Age
"Neoclassical architecture, revival of Classical architecture during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The movement concerned itself with the logic of entire Classical volumes, unlike Classical revivalism (see Greek Revival), which tended to reuse Classical parts.
"Neoclassical architecture is characterized by grandeur of scale, simplicity of geometric forms, Greek—especially Doric (see order)—or Roman detail, dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls. The new taste for antique simplicity represented a general reaction to the excesses of the Rococo style." |
GREEK REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE
"Greek Revival, architectural style, based on 5th-century-bc Greek temples, which spread throughout Europe and the United States during the first half of the 19th century.
"The main reasons for the style’s popularity seem to have been the general intellectual preoccupation with ancient Greek culture at the time, as well as a new awareness of the actual nature of Greek art brought about through widely circulated illustrations of notable ancient temples and the Elgin Marbles. The growing recognition of the Parthenon in Athens as a major monument helped secure the dominance of this Grecian form." |
VICTORIAN ARCHITECTURE
"Victorian architecture, building style of the Gothic Revival that marks the movement from a sentimental phase to one of greater exactitude. Its principles, especially honesty of expression, were first laid down in The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (1841) by Augustus Pugin (1812–52). Much Victorian design consisted of adapting the decorative details and rich colour combinations of Italian, and especially Venetian, Gothic. Though ornamentation could be elaborate, it was usually not superficially applied but grew rationally out of the form and material used."
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ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
"Arts and Crafts movement, English aesthetic movement of the second half of the 19th century that represented the beginning of a new appreciation of the decorative arts throughout Europe.
"By 1860 a vocal minority had become profoundly disturbed by the level to which style, craftsmanship, and public taste had sunk in the wake of the Industrial Revolution and its mass-produced and banal decorative arts. ...interior decorators and manufacturers [were] dedicated to recapturing the spirit and quality of medieval craftsmanship. [They] produced handcrafted metalwork, jewelry, wallpaper, textiles, furniture, and books." |
ART DECO ARCHITECTURE
"Art Deco, also called style moderne , movement in the decorative arts and architecture that originated in the 1920s and developed into a major style in western Europe and the United States during the 1930s. Its name was derived from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in 1925, where the style was first exhibited. Art Deco design represented modernism turned into fashion. Its products included both individually crafted luxury items and mass-produced wares, but, in either case, the intention was to create a sleek and anti-traditional elegance that symbolized wealth and sophistication."